Goldfish Barrelponics Update 1

I have had a barrel with ten shubunkin goldfish for a little under two years.  Time really flies.  I think it is time to do an update on how things are going after this time.  

One barrel with ten goldfish is WAY overstocked.  With normal filtration and weekly water changes this system would have crashed and some fish would have died by now.   

I don't do water changes in the barrel any more, yet the fish are growing, laying eggs, and even though there is a lot of sun on the barrel the water is usually clear.  These goldfish are growing large, and produce a lot of waste, yet the water is clean enough that they lay eggs.  

The only reason that this is working is because the water is being cleaned by plants.  This is very simple aquaponics on a small scale.  Aquaponics in a barrel = barrelponics.  

How Barrelponics works: 

• I feed the fish (some fish food, but also duckweed and azolla);
• the fish produce waste in the water;
• the nutrient rich dirty water is pumped through a gravel pot;
• bacteria living on the gravel convert the fish waste to less toxic substances; 
• plants growing in the gravel extract the nutrients from the water;
• cleaner water returns to the barrel;  
• the cleaner water is aerated as it splashes back into the barrel.

Vietnamese coriander taking over aquaponics

I bought a cheap solar pond pump.  This pump runs when the sun is shining, and stops overnight or when it is cloudy.  As the pump is at the bottom of the barrel it is pumping water from lower down in the water column, this gets cleaned by plants and is aerated as it enters the top of the barrel, this ensures that water is circulating through the entire barrel.

Over winter we may have weeks of cloudy weather where the pump does not turn on.  During this time the water is cold, and the fish are not very acting nor are they eating much or producing much waste.  Cold water holds more oxygen than warm water, and the fish use less oxygen when they are cold.

During summer the fish are very active, eating a lot, laying eggs, and producing a lot of waste.  Being hot means the water holds less oxygen, plus the fish and plants are both taking a lot of oxygen from the water.  During this time the pump is on all day, oxygenating the water.  Plants grow faster in warmer weather, so they are extract more waste from the water during this time.

I am pumping the water through a 2L plastic milk bottle filled with drainage gravel.  You could easily use something that looks nicer than a milk bottle, or different gravel, but I wanted to keep this cheap.  The plants are growing in the gravel are plants I already grew elsewhere.  It is very low tech and very cheap.

It is a good little system.  Other than feeding the fish, occasionally topping up the water in the barrel, harvesting herbs and things, and enjoying watching the fish, I don't do anything.  

Vietnamese coriander, Brahmi, and water celery

My barrelponics is intended to clean the water, any herbs or vegetables produced is just a bonus.  For this reason I am growing whatever grows and clears the water best.  I have vegetable gardens to produce food, this is just a filter.  

I also have a small floating pot of herbs in the water.  It has roots extending into the water.  The plants grow well and I have to cut it back from time to time.  I don't think this is doing anywhere near as much as the milk bottle when it comes to cleaning the water, but every little bit helps.  It is also nice for the fish to have roots to swim through, and insects see to live among the roots and are eaten by my fish.

I also grow duckweed and azolla in the barrel.  The fish tend to eat this and I have to add more from time to time, so it is more for their food than cleaning their water.  Duckweed and azolla are great because if we are going away I can put a few extra scoops of azolla and duckweed in the barrel and I know that the fish have high quality food while I am away.  Unlike bought food, azolla and duckweed won't foul the water, the fish won't over eat no matter how much is in there, it lasts longer because it reproduces, and it is high quality natural feed for the fish.

Azolla, duckweed, and floating pot of herbs

It's almost like a waterfall in there

The fish are growing - the water needs topping up

I originally planted a bunch of different plants in the barrelponics to see what works best in my climate over a longer term.  I expected some to perform well over summer, and other to perform best over winter.  Out of all of them the Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) thrives the best all year and pretty much took over.  

If you look closely you can see that there are still a few different things in the pot, but not many of them.  The Vietnamese coriander does not grow over winter in the garden, and slows growth over summer in the garden, but in aquaponics it grows all year and absolutely thrives during warmer weather.

Over winter I leave the shabby growth.  We get some hard frosts and this partly dead stuff protects the plants from freezing.  Once the weather warmed I cut all that off and let everything grow anew.

Goldfish Barrelponics over winter 

Over summer most of the barrelponic plants grow very fast.  I mostly grow leafy things as they use a lot of nitrogen, but have tried a few fruiting vegetables with limited success.

This post seems to be getting a bit too long, so I will stop here.  If you are interested I will write a second update about different plants I tried in barrelponics.  Some worked for me, while others didn't.

Orchard swallowtail butterfly (Papilio aegeus)

The orchard swallowtail butterfly (Papilio aegeus) is a native Australian butterfly that is rather beautiful and relatively common.  

The caterpillars of this butterfly eat a few native plants, and they are particularly fond of citrus.  

As their young thrive on citrus, and many homesteads grow lemons and other citrus, the orchid swallowtail butterfly are one of the few animals that has benefitted since the arrival of Europeans.  I think they are pretty common up north and near the coast, so much so they can be a pest, and they are far less common down here where we get cold winters. 

We have a lovely productive Meyer lemon tree.  These butterflies lay their eggs on this tree, but the tree is so prolific, and there are usually so few caterpillars that they do very little damage.  I am happy to share the lemon tree with them.  We don't miss a few leaves, and we enjoy watching the butterflies.

Last autumn we found an orchard swallowtail chrysalis on our house near the lemon tree.  If all went well it would overwinter like this and hatch out in warmer weather.  

Spring came and it did not hatch, so I had a bad feeling it may have been dead.  The weather warmed, and summer began, and it still didn't hatch.  Not a great sign.

Then just before Christmas we had a nice surprise.  A beautiful male orchard swallowtail butterfly had hatched out of the chrysalis and was drying his wings!  

I am grateful that he wasn't dead.  My kids got to see (but not touch) him, which they found very exciting as they had grown rather attached to the chrysalis.  I'm really glad we got to see him after waiting for such a long time, there was a really high chance that even if everything went well he would have hatched out and left before we ever got to see him.  I took a few photos, other than that we left him to do his thing.  

After his wings were dry he flew away. 

Butterfly next to his empty chrysalis

Butterfly drying his wings

Orchard swallowtail butterfly

I wish you well little butterfly.  

Berry season - what's not to love!

I love berry season.  

Berry season came late to Australia this year, but is worth the wait!  

Below are some photos of our berries.  They taste so good.  We try to pick them when perfectly ripe, often rather soft.  They can't transport fresh berries when they are this ripe, so the only way to experience berries this good is to grow them yourself.

The darker berries below are thornless Youngberry.  They taste much like a boysenberry, can be eaten out of hand or they go tremendously well with ice cream.  Being so dark they are full of antioxidants, and they tend to add rich purple colour to ice cream.  

I love berry season

Youngberries and golden raspberries

Yellow raspberry - tastes floral and sweet 

Youngberry - tastes like boysenberry 

Sometimes the kids pick bowls full of mixed berries.  Whatever is ripe and easy to reach is picked first.  They are all delicious and their fragrance is incredible.  

Freshly picked berries, picked at their ripest, are far superior to anything you can buy from the markets.  Some of the varieties I grow are never found in the markets.  This means that the only way to enjoy them is to grow them myself.  

Berry season is here, and I love it!!!

Sometimes we only pick a few bowls of raspberries.  

I bred the red thornless primocane ones, they are nicely sweet.  This is what a red raspberry should taste like, rich, complex, and they smell like a delicious raspberry.  They are nothing like the raspberries you can buy from the market that are sour and bland at the same time.

The yellow raspberries have prickles on the canes and are a floricane variety.  The yellow raspberries taste very floral and have a unique fragrance.  A yellow raspberry tastes very different from a red raspberry.

My red raspberry is sweet and delicious 

The black raspberries are ripening and should be ready in the next few days.  

Not many people in Australia grow black raspberries.  They are a different species to the red (and yellow) raspberry, and the plant grows more like a blackberry than a red raspberry.  A black raspberry tastes very different to a red raspberry or a golden raspberry.  You likely will never see these in a market in Australia.

My black raspberries 

We have a few different garden strawberries as well as some different species of wild strawberries.  

My favourite garden strawberries are Cambridge Rival with its complex flavours, and the acid free Hokowase that is so sweet it can be eaten before turning red.

Garden strawberries

Wild strawberries are smaller than garden strawberries.  They tend to have stronger flavours and smell divine.  I grow a few varieties and several species.  

Wild strawberries tend to flower all year and fruit for most of the year, so berry season for them extends until the frosts.  This year the wild strawberries produced some really large berries, I don't know why.

Wild strawberries smell like a lolly shop

I do sell berry plants and dormant canes over winter.  I can post berry plants within Australia, but not to WA or Tasmania.  If you are interested they will be listed on my for sale page. 

Variegated pineapple sage

I have grown pineapple sage (Salvia elegans) for years.  It is such a great edible herb that smells incredible and apparently has some medicinal benefits.  I have grown some good clones, and some substandard ones.  They don't seem to love the climate here and usually need some protection from harsh frosts over winter.

For a few years I have been growing a particularly vigorous pineapple sage clone.  It grows well, produces far more leaves than other varieties, it usually survives winter unprotected, and most importantly it has the strongest, sweetest, and most delicious pineapple scent of any pineapple sage I have grown.  

One peculiarity of this clone is each spring it produces some variegated leaves.  I keep wondering if it is a sport.  If I took a cutting, grew it and protected it, perhaps it would produce a variegated clone.  Variegated pineapple sage sounds like fun.

Variegated pineapple sage

I take cuttings of this plant and have a few of them.  My plants are all genetically identical as they are cutting grown.

As summer wears on my plant grows and I lose track of the variegated parts.  After a while everything is once again green.  

I was not sure if the variegated parts die off, or if they revert to green, or if something in my garden was eating them.  The only way to know would be to take cuttings of a variegated branch and protect it.

Under side of variegated leaf

Each year I kind of wish I took a cutting of a variegated branch.  Every year I forget until it is too late.  Every year, that is, until this year!

This year I took cuttings of variegated branches.

I took a few cuttings.  Some were highly variegated, others less so.  Some were entirely variegated while others had some variegated leaves and other leaves were entirely green.

Some variegation in spring

Each of the cuttings grew well and sooner or later produced entirely green leaves.

This leads me to believe that whatever is causing this variegation, it is seasonal or environmental, and won't last.  

While I would have liked a pretty and highly variegated pineapple sage, I don't think it is going to happen.  Or if it will happen, it won't be by taking a cutting from my variegated branches in spring.  

That's ok, I really like this clone.  It has such a strong and sweet pineapple smell that I can't complain.  It also survives winters here, which no other clones have done without protection, which is just incredible. 

I would hate to lose this plant as it is better than any of the others I had grown.

Not much white on some

More white on others

Eventually they turned green

Seed grow ivy - Hedera helix

I have never grown ivy (Hedera helix) from seed before.  In fact, I don't think I have ever grown ivy.  I am growing ivy from seed now, and the seedlings are pretty cute.  

I think people use ivy for coughs and colds, but have no idea how to use it or even if it is any good for that purpose.  The flowers are meant to be great for bees.  People use ivy to make soap, to make laundry detergent, and I even found a recipe that uses ivy as a shampoo. 

Most people grow ivy up a wall or as a ground cover in the shade.  To be completely honest I am not entirely sure that I want ivy, or have anywhere sensible where I can grow it.    

My favourite ivy seedling 

It may be too early to tell, but my seedling ivy seems to be displaying some genetic diversity.  At least, the seedlings all appear different to one another at the moment.  Perhaps as they grow larger these differences will even out and I will no longer be able to tell the individual plants apart.

Several ivy seedlings in a pot

Ivy seedling with cotyledons and true leaves

This one has a mottled leaf

Some ivy seedlings are entirely green 

I like growing things from seed, so can decide if I have anywhere to grow this at a later stage.  Perhaps I can grow ivy as a potted plant, that may look good.  Or maybe I will give them away or something.  

Black Nebula carrot flowering

I like dark purple carrots.  Unfortunately there are few varieties of purple carrots in Australia, and  many of the purple carrots have lovely purple skin, and a disapointingly orange core.  

I had started a breeding project to develop carrots that were purple all the way through, then I found Black Nebula carrots.  

Black Nebula carrots are great.  They are purple/black all the way through with only a few areas of lighter colour.  They taste almost like a cross between beetroot and carrot, which I quite like.  They also grew well for me.  

I grow everything organically in my garden.  Generally speaking, pollinator insects seem to like carrot flowers.  Honey bees never seem overly interested in Apiaceae flowers, but there are many other pollinator insects and other beneficial insects that seem to enjoy them.  

Black Nebula carrots are a stable variety of carrot so seed can be collected from them and will grow true to type.  They (like any/every vegetable variety that I can access) are not Genetically Modified.  

I am told that, unlike many modern varieties of carrot, Black Nebula carrots do not have the genes for cytoplasmic male sterility.  This is a great thing for the home garden as it means they can easily be open pollinated and makes seed saving reasonably simple.

Black Nebula Carrot Flowers

I had cut off the tops of the carrots we ate and was going to grow the carrot tops to produce seed.  Unfortunately after a mishap the tops all died.  

I still had some black nebula carrots growing in the garden that I was planning to eat.  Instead of eating them I have let them all flower and hope to collect their seed.  

Strangely enough, even though 'Black Nebula' is a stable carrot variety, they do display some genetic diversity.  Genetic diversity is a good thing, especially in carrots!    

Organic black nebula carrots are dark purple

All of the black nebula carrot roots were dark purple, all had varying amounts of white.  I believe the white to be environmentally induced rather than genetic.  All of the roots were similar length, shape, and thickness.  Strangely enough the genetic diversity could only be seen in the flowers.  

Some of the black nebula flowers were almost white with a very faint purple tinge that you can't see in my photos.  

white/light purple carrot flowers 

Black nebula carrot flowers

Others black nebula carrot flowers were various shades of purple.  Some light, others darker, and some had a patch of flowers in the centre that were darker purple.

Black nebula carrot flowers

I may only collect seeds from the darker flowered plants.  Or I may collect seed from all of them.  I am not sure at this stage what I will do.

Genetic diversity is a good thing, even in a stable (inbred) line like this.  It allows me to apply selective pressure and have some genetic drift.  This enables me to make this variety more suitable to my climate and more able to withstand the pests that it will encounter in my garden.

Carrots are also known for suffering from inbreeding depression, so I want some genetic diversity in my plants.

As I want at least some genetic diversity I am allowing all of these plants to flower and have a chance of their pollen being used for the next generation.  This will increase genetic diversity in my seeds.  

I also  want the highest anthocyanin line possible, and I am unsure if flower colour has any linkage to root anthocyanin levels.  Perhaps when I learn more about carrot genetics I will rogue out some plants in favour of others, until then I will just try to keep the darkest ones.

Various black nebula carrot flowers

If all goes to plan my plants should produce copious amounts of seed with a reasonable amount of genetic diversity.  Once this is ripe I will collect some to plant and some to save for the following year.  

Carrots generally produce a lot of seed so I should have some extra black nebula carrot seed at some stage.  Once I have some fresh seed I will list it on my for sale page.  

Litchi tomato Solanum sisymbriifolium

A generous friend sent me some seeds of litchi tomato (Solanum sisymbriifolium) a while ago.  I had never eaten, grown, or even seen this species before so this was something new to me.  

Litchi tomato is also called Morelle de Balbis, vila-vila, sticky nightshade, red buffalo-bur, or fire-and-ice plant.  My kids call these 'prickle tomatoes'.

Litchi tomatoes - can you see why my kids call them prickle tomatoes?

Litchi tomatoes are somewhat related to tomatoes, tomatillos, and ground cherries.  Like many of the vegetables we grow, they are a perennial that is treated as an annual.  

I left my plants where they were over winter, fully expecting frosts to kill them.  To my surprise they handled mild winter with frosts down to about -4C with minimal damage.  I have no idea if they would survive a cold winter, but a mild winter didn't seem to bother them too much.

They flowered through winter but didn't set fruit in the cooker weather.  I transplanted them in spring and with warmer weather they started fruiting pretty quick.

Litchi tomatoes flowering

The leaves look deceptively soft and velvety, but have prickles on them.  The stems and fruit husks also have prickles.  The leaf shape varies a little from plant to plant, some have deeper divisions in the leaf while others are not as deep.

Litchi tomato leaf

Leaves look soft, but have prickles

I am told that they need more than one plant in order to set fruit.  I don't have heaps of space to use so I plant several plants in the one hole.  This ensures a pollinator is never far away.

I probably get less fruit per plant by having them this close, but it frees up space to grow other things so I am happy with the result.

I grow several plants in the same hole

Litchi tomato stems are prickly

Litchi tomatoes produce reasonably large, showy flowers that were white or bluish.  They varied from plant to plant but were always rather ornamental and showy.

Litchi tomato flower

Prickle tomato flowers

Flowers vary slightly from plant to plant

Fruit are born on a small truss with up to a dozen red fruits per truss.  I found they took a while to flower, then the wait from flower to ripe fruit felt like it took some time, once they started to ripen they were nicely productive.

Fruit can be harvested once the husk starts to turn brown.  Either individual fruits can be picked, or the entire truss can be snipped off and brought in.

I am told that ripe fruit slips out of the husk, but didn't experience that even once.  I assume different strains act differently, and this one does not slip from the husk.  

I was able to harvest carefully bare handed, but think using gloves would make harvest a lot faster and easier.

Litchi tomato truss

Unlike many other fruits, I found that picking them when fully ripe made them taste bland.  They were sweetest earlier, and got progressively less sweet and lost complexity of flavour the longer I left them.  

Their taste varied from plant to plant, as well as varying as the fruit ripened.  Some tasted a bit like cherry, some a bit fruity.  Some tasted like kiwi fruit mixed with something nice, I liked those ones the best.

Ripe Litchi Tomatoes

The fruit were glossy red on the outside, orange on the inside, and had a lot of small hard seeds in them.  

I didn't mind the seeds at all as I didn't really notice them, but my wife disliked them and found them annoying.

Litchi tomato fruit with seeds

I don't tend to grow many things with thorns and prickles.  Unfortunately Litchi Tomatoes have a lot of prickles on pretty much all parts.  

If you ever grow Litchi tomatoes be sure to stake or cage them to prevent them sprawling, and try not to grow them anywhere that you will be brushing past.

Litchi tomato - so thorny

I am glad I got to grow these, and I am growing the overwintered plants again this summer.  I really like the taste, plus the plants are intriguing and ornamental, so will likely grow them most years.  

I don't have endless space, and there are a lot of things I want to grow, so going forward may have them on rotation and grow them every second year.

I do sell seeds of Litchi tomatoes, as well as a few other interesting edibles and perennial vegetables in Australia through my for sale page.